The major findings are briefly summarized below. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations. Just 24 percent of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years identify as Indian American, compared to 41 percent of those who have been here for eleven to twenty-five years and 53 percent of those who have been here for more than twenty-five years. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. As the number and/or concentration of Indian Americans in a geography increases, one might expect that respondents social networks might become more insular. Twenty-nine percent of respondents report that most or all of their friends are from the same region of India. 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. When asked how important religion is in their life, 72 percent of respondents reply that religion is either very important or somewhat important. 9 Nicole Hong and Jonah E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans Are Being Attacked. Finally, Christians are more likely to self-identify as American without any hyphenation (9 percent versus 6 percent for Muslim and 4 percent for Hindus). However, the results point in the opposite direction. One should treat these findings with caution. She studies misinformation, media effects, and political behavior and employs survey and experimental methods in her work. Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. More than half a century after the passage of the historic 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed for a new wave of Indian migration to the United States, the Indian American community has come of age. As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the community's diversity too has grown. In many ways, the community is often portrayed as the poster child of Americas historic opening to new immigrants whoin ways big and smallhave transformed the country. By race and ethnicity, more Asian immigrants than Hispanic immigrants have arrived in the U.S. in most years since 2009. However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S. more than any other country. It explores this contentious subject in three ways. However, there is marked variation by place of birth. Both frames were constructed by stratified sampling from the full 2018 ACS one-year sample. My dad and mom told my brother and me that we came to America to be Americans. Figure 4 unpacks this further and looks at three categories of spouses or partners: Indian origin but born in India; Indian origin but born in the United States; and non-Indian origin. The World Unpacked is a monthly foreign policy podcast that breaks down the hottest global issues of today with experts, journalists, and policymakers who can explain what is happening, why it matters, and where we go from here. The drop in the unauthorized immigrant population can primarily be attributed to more Mexican immigrants leaving the U.S. than coming in. 30 For an overview of the debate over caste categories in Islam in South Asia, see Julien Levesque, Debates on Muslim Caste in North India and Pakistan: From Colonial Ethnography to Pasmanda Mobilization, Institut Francais de Pondichery and Centre de Sciences Humaines, June 1, 2020, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. 16 Of those born outside of the United States, 80 percent were born in India. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. 38 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 1213. . 43 The survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends from various backgrounds. Figure 19 displays the responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition. The top countries of origin for immigrants were the Dominican Republic (11 percent of immigrants), China (9 percent), Mexico (5 percent), Jamaica (5 percent), and India (4 percent). For respondents who experienced discrimination, the survey asks whether the perpetrators of discrimination were Indian, non-Indian, or both (see figure 28). . Eleven percent finished high school elsewhere, while only 8 percent had less than a high school education. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 12, 2020, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B online. Hispanics are also the nation's largest immigrant group and one of its fastest growing populations. Sixty-four percent of respondents call a single state their home state, while 12 percent identify with multiple home states. as well as other partner offers and accept our. However, non-citizens are about as likely as foreign-born citizens to engage in the resolution of community issues (12 percent versus 11 percent). During the same period, the overall U.S. workforce grew, as did the number of U.S.-born workers and lawful immigrant workers. Migration Policy Institute tabulation of data from theU.S. Census Bureau's pooled 2009-2013American Community Survey. Interestingly, those born outside of the United States are most likely to say that they feel equally Indian and Americannearly one in two fall into this category (as do 38 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans).35 A slightly higher share of U.S.-born Indian Americans (7 percent) than foreign-born Indian Americans (4 percent) claim that they feel neither Indian nor American. Only adult respondents (ages eighteen and above) who identified as Indian American or a person of (Asian) Indian origin were able to participate in the survey. Figure 30 provides the geographic distribution of survey respondents by state of residence. Although a large proportion are not U.S. citizens (38 percent), roughly 2.6 million are (1.4 million are naturalized citizens and 1.2 million were born in the United States). The survey also asks respondents how comfortable they would be if a son/daughter married someone from a particular background. 24/7 Wall St. In addition to asking respondents about their religious identity, the survey also asks them about the role religion plays in their life. Indian Americans who have no allegiance to either major party hold slightly asymmetric views as well. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. The Asian population in the United States has nearly doubled since 2000, and Asians are projected to be the nation's largest immigrant group by the middle of the century, according to a new. 44 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote?, 1617. This section reviews respondents views on discrimination against Indian Americans. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider Irish immigration. Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. Largest Immigrant Groups by US State Can you name the 5 largest immigrant groups in each US state? The variation in respondents feelings of Indian-ness begs the question of how Indian Americans navigate multiple identities linked both to their country of origin as well as their country of settlement. That means just less than half of all respondents believe that Indian Americans face a greater degree of discrimination than at least one other minority group. citizens. For 21 states, including Texas, immigrants from India represented the largest group after those from Mexico. 52 Arthur G. Rubinoff, The Diaspora as a Factor in U.S.-India Relations, Asian Affairs: An American Review 32, no. To produce the final data set, respondents were matched to a sampling frame on gender, age, and education. In the 1830s, the number grew to 235,000, and in the 1840sdue to a potato . Report. 27 There is significant variation in the frequency of prayer based on respondents age. The five largest foreign-born groups in the United States, including those from Mexico, the Philippines, India, China, and Vietnam, account for 44 percent of the total immigrant population. She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. Eight out of ten respondents say they have a spouse or partner of Indian origin (ranging from 85 percent of foreign-born respondents to 71 percent of U.S.-born respondents). Media reports about caste discrimination in the technology hub of Silicon Valleywhere a large number of Indian Americans are employedand a heated controversy over whether caste should be a part of history textbooks in the state of California have brought the issue to the forefront once more.28 A 2018 survey of 1,500 South Asian Americans found that many low-caste members of numerous diaspora communities had endured firsthand experience of caste discrimination. IAAS data confirm this finding. Sampling weights were then post-stratified on 2016 presidential vote choice, as well as a three-way stratification of gender, age (four categories), and education (four categories), to produce the final weight. Rounding out the list are caste (35 percent), economic policy (29 percent), and language (24 percent). The survey also asks respondents about their educational attainment, which provides insight into the socioeconomic profile of Indians in America. 36 A November 2020 Pew survey of American voters found that 36 percent of respondents demonstrated support for a candidate on social media, one quarter contributed money to a political campaign, 10 percent said they attended a virtual political rally or online campaign event, and 6 percent attended an online campaign event. First, the survey asks respondents to consider how discrimination against Indian Americans compares to discrimination directed toward other minority communities in the United States. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. As a final step, the survey asks respondents whether they agree or disagree with the following statement: Overall, the Indian American community has a positive impact on U.S.-India relations. As of now, the community is quite bullish about the diasporas achievements in this regard. Diwali and Holi are largely celebrated by Hindus, while very few non-Muslims commemorate Eid. Unsurprisingly, just 4 percent of non-citizens participated in this activity, while 8 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of U.S.-born citizens reported working on a campaign. For those respondents who immigrated to the United States, over half (60 percent) arrived in the year 2000 or after (see figure 2).17 Seventeen percent arrived in the 1990s, 13 percent immigrated in the 1980s, and just 10 percent arrived before the year 1980. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. Clear differences along religious lines are evident in the responses to the question on the frequency of prayer (see figure 9). One-quarter of all respondents self-identify as Indian while 7 percent choose the term Asian Indian.. Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. For instance, do respondents feel more Indian than American, more American than Indian, equally Indian and American, or neither Indian nor American? In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). Jonathan Kay is a James C. Gaither junior fellow in the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. One percent of respondents point to some other factor. The top 15 states also include several with large immigrant populations, such as Florida, Washington, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, where the foreign-born population grew faster than in the country overall. U.S. Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. Immigrants often import social norms from their home countries to their newly adopted homes. Table 2 presents results of the most common languages among respondents, restricting attention to languages identified by at least 2 percent of respondents. Six percent choose no hyphenation at all and identify only as American and another 6 percent classify themselves as Asian American, an identity category that includes a wide range of diaspora groups from the Asian continent. Eighteen percent of non-citizens reside in the United States on an H-4 visa, a category for immediate family members of H-1B visa holders. When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). North Dakota made the list in 1890 and 1900. An estimated 50.6 million American residents, or a little more than 15% of the countrys 331.4 million inhabitants, were born abroad. U.S. President Joe Biden remarked in a March 2021 phone call with Swati Mohan, an Indian-origin scientist charged with overseeing the highly anticipated landing of the Perseverance Mars rover for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Its amazing. Data from the ACS show that the share of married couple households in the community is 50 percent greater than the U.S. average.20 In the IAAS sample, 66 percent of respondents were married or in a domestic partnership. The remainder of the sample hails from a range of countries stretching from the United Kingdom to Trinidad & Tobago and Kenya. Immigrants are projected to drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population through at least 2035. The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. Sign up for notifications from Insider! About two-thirds of Americans (66%) say immigrants strengthen the country because of their hard work and talents, while about a quarter (24%) say immigrants burden the country by taking jobs, housing and health care. Still others reject hyphenation entirely, preferring to be known simply as American. For instance, former Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared in 2015, I do not believe in hyphenated Americans. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. View Reports-/5-RATE QUIZ. the United States issues immigration visas to 2 . There is a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship. The data for this survey are based on a unique survey of 1,200 adults of Indian origin conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020. There is also important variation by ones religious identity. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. This is a genuine puzzle. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. Much larger shares believe that other minority groups face greater discrimination than Indian Americans, including Latino Americans (90 percent), LGBTQ Americans (89 percent), African Americans (86 percent), and women (86 percent). In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community. 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