Japanese forces to the west were reconfigured to form a defense line through Biak and Manokwari,[62] while the Japanese 18th Army, still in defensive positions around Wewak, to the east, were faced with a long retreat west through the jungle having been ordered to bypass Hollandia and Aitape and reinforce the 2nd Army in western New Guinea. [16] See The National Archives Arthur Evarts Kimberly and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Sections Document Restoration Sub-Section, 1944-1945.. The operation consisted of two landings, one at Tanahmerah Bay and the other at Humboldt Bay, near Hollandia. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Alliesconsisting primarily of Australian forcescleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony. It showed the units to which they belonged. It was later thought that 3000 troops from the 6th Sea Detachment were in the area, and reinforcements were being rapidly transferred there. Meanwhile, on 30 March and continuing to 3 April these air forces attacked Hollandia itself and the airfields on the Sentani plain. [34], Wau is a village in the interior of the Papuan peninsula, approximately 50 kilometres (30mi) southwest of Salamaua. Thousands perished from starvation and disease; the commanding general, Horii, was drowned. First, they had woefully underestimated the strength of the Allied air forces. The Japanese at Rabaul and other bases on New Britain would have easily overwhelmed any such effort (by mid-September, MacArthur's entire naval force under Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender consisted of 5 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 20 submarines, and 7 small craft). [5], According to John Laffin, the campaign "was arguably the most arduous fought by any Allied troops during World War II". The most important find was a set of plans and specifications for some of the defenses encountered on the island. Also captured on January 19th was a radio chart that was used by I Corps Signal officers to gain highly satisfactory results in the monitoring of Japanese radio communications. portalId: 20973928, In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. Consequently, the volume of documents captured was very small, and was largely confined to those of a personal nature which individuals were apt to carry upon their persons. This information was put to immediate tactical use and resulted in the capture of the position by the US 7th Cavalry Squadron. In mid-1944 many changes in organization occurred in the Pacific theatres. [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41 st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. Gen. Robert C. Richardson became commanding general of U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Area, in which capacity he remained subordinate to Nimitzs operational control. . [26] Aircraft based at Port Moresby and Milne Bay fought to prevent the Japanese from basing aircraft at Buna, and attempted to prevent the Japanese reinforcement of the Buna area. Taking the airfield at Wau was a crucial step in this process, and to this end, the 51st Division was transferred from Indochina and placed under General Hitoshi Imamura's Eighth Area Army at Rabaul; one regiment arrived at Lae in early January 1943. The Netherlands, Britain and the United States tried to defend the colony from the Japanese forces as they moved south in late 1941 in search of Dutch oil. The Americans landed at Hollandia and Aitape simultaneously on 22 April with the aim of bypassing the Japanese stronghold at Wewak and thus leaving the Japanese 18th Army isolated and cut off there. CIC personnel were constantly engaged in providing lectures to soldiers about the importance of captured Japanese documents. [4], In early 1944, after the Huon Peninsula had been secured, the Allied South West Pacific Command determined that the area should be seized and developed into a staging post for their advance along the north coast of New Guinea into the Dutch East Indies and to the Philippines. To ease the congestion on White 1, 11 LSTs were landed off White 2, while engineers from the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade worked to clear the beach, shifting stores and equipment into Jautefa Bay. The Battle for Milne Bay was a small one as World War II engagements went, but very important. The landing was unopposed as the enemy garrison indicated its intention of surrendering by hoisting a white flag at the first sight of the invasion force. target: "#hbspt-form-1677759698000-1549361125", 72 was published as an accumulation of documentary evidence for the Commission Regarding Breaches of the Rules of Warfare by the Japanese Forces of the Australian Commonwealth. The timing of the landings at Hollandia were moved back to 22 April at around this time due to logistical problems and the Pacific Fleet's other commitments, and it was decided to conduct the landing at Aitape simultaneously with the main assault. He was thrown into his own jail.[15]. [51] Eight waves landed at White 1 after two LCIs fired rockets at the high ground overlooking the beach where several Japanese antiaircraft guns were located. 9, Japanese-English Medical Dictionary; No. During the period of October 1942-July 1943, the work of indexing, abstracting and collating information from captured documents and prisoners of war, answering internal queries, and providing information to assist translators and examiners, was carried on by a staff consisting of six officers and ten enlisted personnel. [17], After this failure, the Japanese decided on a longer term, two-pronged assault for their next attempt on Port Moresby. Engineers operating amphtracks pushed forward from Jautefa Bay to the lake to carry the infantry around the Japanese positions at the lake, completing their flanking maneuver on 25 April. [45], "At 1400 the Russell Island radar screen became milky with traces of bogeys and Guadalcanal broadcast "Condition Red," followed shortly by an unprecedented "Condition Very Red. [37], The Allies conducted a deception operation to ensure that the Japanese continued to believe that they would land at Hansa Bay rather than Hollandia. The information contained in these reports were bibliographically indexed. Two major moves were planned for the end of June: Eventually, the Joint Chiefs of Staff realized that a landing and siege of "Fortress Rabaul" would be far too costly, and that the Allies' ultimate strategic purposes could be achieved by simply neutralizing and bypassing it. Over 120 of these Research Reports were published. 119 deals with the Japanese Military Police Service and Report No. [7] The attack was designated Operation Reckless in recognition of the risks involved in carrying it out. [16] That summer a Document Restoration Sub-Section, staffed by six WACs (Womens Army Corps), including one officer, was established. [4][23], The main landings at Hollandia would be made at two locations. [36], The Australians decisively turned back the Japanese assault in the ensuing 2931 January 1943 Battle of Wau. 3, Glossary of military terms encountered in Japanese documents; No. [1] Among them were the Southeast Asia Translation and Interrogation Center (SEATIC)[2]; the Sino Translation and Interrogation Center (SINTIC)[3]; and, the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). ATIS was directed to make available to the board any and all information having to do with the identification of Japanese war criminals. In response, on 8 March General Douglas MacArthur sought approval from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to bring forward the previously planned landings at Hollandia to 15 April. Base ATIS was closed at Brisbane on June 4, 1945, and established several weeks later in Manila. Current Translations were publications containing complete translations of documents classified A, B, C, or D in ATIS Bulletins. [29] The Japanese arrived and the 25 August 7 September Battle of Milne Bay was underway. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Lindberg D-Day Invasion LCT Cargo Ship Model Kit 1/125 New Sealed In Damaged Box at the best online prices at eBay! Both Information Request Reports and Information Bulletins were supplanted in June 1944, by Research Reports which fulfilled both requirements. If the transports succeeded in staying behind a weather front and were protected the whole way by fighters from the various airfields surrounding the Bismarck Sea, they might make it to Lae with an acceptable level of loss, i.e., at worst half the task force would be sunk en route. One of the difficulties encountered by the ATIS in translating Japanese documents was the condition in which they were often received. During mid-May American forces intercepted a Japanese landing craft near Arare that carried material for reinforcing the Japanese-held islands offshore of New Guinea that were to be attacked as part of the Wakde-Sarmi Bay Operation. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 120, The first strike, on 7 April, was against Allied shipping in the waters between Guadalcanal and Tulagi. This material was translated by ATIS in May 1945 and provided Allied naval commanders with immediate intelligence regarding a variety of topics. Achieving complete surprise, they were able to destroy 340 aircraft on the ground and 60 more aircraft in the air, leaving the 6th Air Division unable to resist the planned invasion. Although one line of attack was carried out primarily by ground forces and the other by naval forces, the main feature of both undertakings was the close coordination of land, sea, and air power. [48][55], According to historian Stanley Kirby, the collapse of Japanese resistance was due to a lack of preparedness, changes in the command structure and a lack of combat troops; many of the 11,000 men based there were administrative and support units. The students were mostly second-generation Japanese-Americans (Nisei) from the West Coast. The diary covered the period January 1942-January 1944. 39 with Navy Operations, Plans and Orders (1941-1944). This deception effort proved successful. The Allied Air Forces acted promptly on this information and sank both Japanese submarines and supply barges. The translation of documents captured in the Southwest Pacific Area began with those taken in the Milne Bay operation in August 1942. When the Allied forces began to advance, more documents were captured and a much higher proportion was official. It included excerpts from Japanese captured documents on their research and use of bacterial warfare. Then began the grueling Kokoda Track campaign, a brutal experience for both the Japanese and Australian troops involved. 3 (Fall 2005). The document having been translated immediately after capture on Biak, formed the basis of order-of-battle information for the task force attacking that island. It would commit all the remaining Japanese naval power to one last major battle with the Allies. US radio crew sets up communications center just after landing on Hollandia 1944. JICPOA personnel also served, beginning in January 1945, at the Advance Intelligence Center (AIC), established at the CINCPAC Advance Headquarters at Guam. The large majority of the defending Japanese troops there had uncharacteristically abandoned their positions and fled inland. The Australians held firm and began their counterdrive on 26 September. While military planners argued the merits of one approach over another, two main lines of attack were actually followed during 1944: (1) MacArthurs ground forces (including Army, Marine, and Navy elements) strengthened their hold in New Guinea and eventually invaded the Philippines; (2) Nimitzs naval forces drove across the central Pacific from the Gilberts to the Marianas and then covered the landing in the Philippines. Singapore, the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea had already fallen, and all of Australia's security hopes premised upon Britain's Fortress Singapore ideology had collapsed. Once the war ended, Southeast Asia Command Field Security Sections were assigned to seize records that, among other things, could be used for the prosecution of war criminals. The whole northern coast of the island was now in Allied hands and airfields from which bombers could strike the southern Philippines were soon in operation. The battle of Hollandia (22-27 April 1944) was part of Operation Reckless and saw the Americans leapfrog past a series of Japanese bases to capture a key position on the northern coast of New Guinea, catching the Japanese almost entirely by surprise and winning an unexpectedly easy victory.. [44], I-Go was to be carried out in two phases, one against the lower Solomons and one against Papua. It was captured and was found to be carrying a Japanese message. Written orders including route, objective of raid, and extent to which enemy intended to rely on these new tactics were also included. Approval was granted four days later. [43], The remaining destroyers with about 2,700 surviving troops limped back to Rabaul. [43][44] Meanwhile, carrier-borne aircraft attacked targets around Wakde, Sarmi and Hollandia from 21 April, destroying at least 33 Japanese planes in the air and more on the ground. From there the documents were immediately sent to Brisbane for translation by ATIS personnel. In January 1944, during the New Britain-New Guinea operations, captured Japanese code books enabled radio intelligence staff to determine the intentions of Lt. Gen. Hatazo Adachi, commander of the Japanese 18th Army. Before June, between 20 and 25 P-39s had been lost in air combat, while three more had been destroyed on the ground and eight had been destroyed in landings by accident. Philippine Series Bulletins represented special reports of items pertaining to the Philippine Islands. 8, Kanji Abbreviations, Variants, and Equivalents; No. Between November 1943 and March 1944 18 Squadron was ordered to prevent Japanese reinforcements reaching the north-east part of Papua and New Guinea. This document was used as a measuring standard for Japanese military activities on Luzon. New Guinean porters carry a load through the jungle. The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945. Nimitz offered to assign eight small escort carriers to support the landing at Aitape, with these vessels then proceeding to support operations at Hollandia until 11 May. In February 1944, the Japanese devised a plan known as Z Plan to counter the American naval offensive and destroy the U.S. Pacific fleet. Among their functions was to collect and study captured enemy documents. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. For this purpose, liaison was established and during July and August ATIS furnished the Board with approximately 1,200 pages of translations. [6] The Joint Chiefs of Staff also directed the United States Pacific Fleet to assign aircraft carriers to provide air support for the landings. On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War. (Map 2) Invasion of Dutch New Guinea. MacArthur's plan was bold, as it involved making a large amphibious landing deep behind the front lines in New Guinea. [40], The 41st Division was to stage from Cape Cretin, while the 24th would depart from Goodenough Island. MacArthur was further determined to conquer all of New Guinea in his progress toward the eventual recapture of the Philippines. During the Lae-Salamaua Operation in the summer of 1943 the Allies relied heavily on captured documents for intelligence information and planning. ATIS also published a how-to handbook on conservation treatment of captured records and produced a Document Restoration Kit for units in the field. 76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 38. All of these factors had to be taken into account in determining the lines of advance in 1944. Even before the war ended, ATIS was exploiting captured records for war crimes purposes. 2 in May 1943. 84 dealt with The Japanese and Bacterial Warfare. Simultaneous operations from these two locations, one amphibious and one overland, would converge on the target city. When very few documents were captured and relatively little was known about the enemy forces in the SWPA, it was imperative to translate all documents in full. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. "[19] Thus was the overland threat to Port Moresby permanently removed. Their scheme of conquest envisaged control of the Aleutians, Midway, Fiji and Samoa, New Britain, eastern New Guinea, points in the [2] Just below the Equator, Biak stood as an outpost guarding the entrance to Cenderawasih (Geelvink) Bay and looking out across the ocean to the distant Philippines. In March 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be located in closer proximity to combat operations. Three weeks later, on March 21, 1944, a captured field order disclosed the Japanese strength at Rossum, New Britain. Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. I Corps, became commander of the newly formed U.S. 8th Army. Pin-pointed locations of components of the enemys main artillery support for this operation were made available to all Corps artillery units. SEATIC and SINTIC operating in Southeast Asia and China received and translated relatively large quantities of captured documents during the war. ATIS Inventories were also prepared. Opposing these forces were the Australian 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th Battalions along with Lieutenant Colonel Norman Fleay's Kanga Force. [10], The colonial capital of Port Moresby on the south coast of Papua was the strategic key for the Japanese in this area of operations. It held what turned out to be a gold mine of valuable documents, including battle plans, codes and letters. In addition, ATIS officers collaborated in the accumulation of evidence from prisoners and testified before the Board. Another document, captured on Luzon in early February, gave the Japanese 14th Army Operation Order of January 8th, bringing to light the plan of the Japanese Armys movement into Northern Luzon and the organization of the Shimbu group and its mission into Southern Luzon. They subsequently neutralized the Japanese positions, as well as interdicted a portion of the Japanese movements, and anticipated Japanese defensive position and strengths. The gunners got a lot of practice; Port Moresby suffered its 78th raid on 17 August 1942. formId: "13b57390-1d3c-43b8-b8c2-4570bb51abe4", [14], Operation Mo was the designation given by the Japanese to their initial plan to take possession of Port Moresby. . It was recognized that before an invasion of the Japanese home islands became possible it would be necessary to undertake extensive aerial bombardment of the islands and cut Japans lines of communications to the Dutch East Indies and Malaya. Japan's threatened military encroachment closer to Australia hinted at some type of potential invasion of the northernmost frontiers. [12] Initially, the intelligence product of JICPOA received no CINCPAC-CINCPOA authentication. It was placed under the direction of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (J-2), Joint Staff, CINCPAC, and CINCPOA (Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas). 92). (1944), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea_campaign&oldid=1136220909, 44,000 on Bougainville (politically a part of New Guinea), 30,500 on New Britain, New Ireland, and the Admiralty Islands. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. This information was given to the 163rd Infantry Regiment of the 41st Infantry Division who used it in subsequent offensive operations. [67], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}23158.8S 140431.2E / 2.533000S 140.717000E / -2.533000; 140.717000. The following month at least 20 fighters were lost in combat, while eight were destroyed in July. Japanese forces began to land on the island of Luzon in the Philippines on December 10. . The Battle of Hollandia (code-named Operation Reckless) was an engagement between Allies of World War II and Japanese forces during World War II. With New Guinea well under control, the Allies made their first strike toward the Philippines on September 15, 1944, when the U.S. XI Corps landed on Morotai Island, halfway between the Vogelkop Peninsula and Mindanao, the southernmost large island of the Philippines. After the cessation of hostilities, the War Crimes Echelon, a separate part of ATIS, was established. Two months after JICPOA was formed US forces invaded the Gilbert Islands. The landing was supported by carrier-based aircraft of the U.S. 5th Fleet, which had also struck Japanese air installations at Wakde and Sarmi to the northwest. U.S. Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area (except the B-29s) were placed under Lieut. Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents (December 14, 1944); No. Gona fell to the Australians on 9 December 1942, Buna to the US 32nd on 2 January 1943, and Sanananda, located between the two larger villages, fell to the Australians on 22 January. Tweet. Later, the procedure was altered again to cope with the tons of documents captured at main Japanese bases. However, this is contradictory to the total number of Japanese combat deaths calculated across most individual battles in the campaign. On 24 April, the beach became more congested with the arrival of scheduled reinforcements and further equipment, as well as two transports and seven LSTs carrying troops, including the corps commander and his headquarters, which had been diverted from Tanahmerah Bay. [13], Due north of Port Moresby, on the northeast coast of Papua, are the Huon Gulf and the Huon Peninsula. 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Biak, formed the basis of order-of-battle information for the task force attacking island. On June 4, 1945, and reinforcements were being rapidly transferred there hostilities, the Australians decisively back... From there the documents, including Battle plans, codes and letters U.S. 8th Army losses during the.... To occupy Port Moresby permanently removed records for war crimes Echelon, a separate part of Papua New! Horii, was drowned Bulletins represented special reports of items pertaining to the total number of Japanese criminals!
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