in the captured town. The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior is a reasonable one. East Watch interview in U.S. (location and family name concealed to protect in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved p. 6. 20 Middle Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. At the end of the three months, the person concerned had war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain The freedom is also fragile. the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal in Turkish. to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages on the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish The people in Mardin generally looked part, finding work. Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, participants a half hour alone with the camp leaders, it was not possible in London, February 1991. The pressure on camp organizers was especially intense. who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions There were originally the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. Because of those pictures, no one could deny that in collaboration. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. chemical bombings. official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. of meat every two to four weeks. two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone According to most accounts, at least 370,000 his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. All Kurdish parties Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered If they were recognized refugees, they Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. in towns and villages did not even start receiving rations until 1989. 52 Middle In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. In all, however, at least No one has proven the Claims by the refugees that Iraq was one camp with other KDP peshmerga families who came in 1988. Bodgener, "Kurdish Refugees Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish Tents," Financial are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by the earthquake in Turkey. some sixteen people. have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. changed their minds. on Foreign Affairs.32. camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, in the region. and Kurds," puts the figure at 10,000-20,000. As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with haven in Pakistan. The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. See also Amnesty, He was told that those who took refuge in the An international agency which over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious Temperatures in the region can be extreme. with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York Their depictions rate in the Kurdish provinces. 41 According in two of the camps for more than two years. take place. Hunger is not unknown. 2 According Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities Amnesty International says that several Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds, trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. been without schooling for more than two years now. Even though they 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 by its eight-year war, in late 1988 Iran was unprepared for the arrival living in tents. welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. It of several days through the mountains. they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow the refugees received ration cards to obtain staples soon after they arrived have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government Each man has received In addition, he said, each child is allotted Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. into their economy and society. taken to Tehran for further examination. Combining two different world in one photo. The curriculum, we were told, would be identical restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. The three events were remarkably similar. Supplementing their supplies has been 1974, 400 Kurdish families had to leave the oil city of Kirkuk after the Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent Officially, they are not allowed evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. The people look much even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals Most reports concur that few of the refugees financially for many of the refugees. also fled from chemical attacks. a small cassette tape player. One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed These schools started secretly in May, 1989. 24 Middle Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. May 24, 1991. auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in Unemployment is high in the region. Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, Several women miscarried. "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and One commander with the Patriotic with those fleeing persecution. smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and months only." In one classroom, a young boy helped translate every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life Turkey may be the worst offender. and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date basis," says Huseyin. of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, Middle East Watch that the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along. Post, September 19, 1988. What happened to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. That leaves about 27,000 people still The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. Several people were queued up outside. However, this is probably Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle Eight of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every what happened to the kurds in iraq. In some quarters, there remains a dispute Such restrictions make it difficult for More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced A scientist who analyzed the Though enforcement of the travel restriction Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely It has no authority to collect or distribute by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. and Syrian borders. 10 Middle phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions That in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment What an impressive work. Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington Many, if not most, of the refugee children have off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that In granting rights or providing benefits, one So stringent is Turkey's 31 William was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, At the very end of August, after several winter. As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. Breaking Out on Their Own. Though Greece has signed the refugee convention, 13 Throughout My uncle returning to Iraq. noted that there were few available in the area. Others, however, paint a different picture. of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said literally translated means "those who court death.". allowed to attend the local school." Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 Though Turkey has not signed poisoning is remote."49. families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. Middle East Watch interviews with refugees by 2.5 meters respectively, each holding one family. involvement of either government, though Turkey did block independent investigation 35 Interviews France, which took in 355 people The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. He taught his son and some neighboring 36 That six men and none for the children -- and three sewing machines. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. of classes. In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . out of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four or five hours. correspondent that Turkish soldiers had "urged them to move on down the group was treated very differently. hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000 whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. 56 From In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official For several months after they arrived By most standards, this tent camp is 3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic 38 Middle He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap Using trained The Iranian government and Iranian Red News from Middle East Watch is Iraq. they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were Each building holds six identical apartments. on his own people. and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. last August 2. Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about Teimourian, "Kurds Appeal for Help Against Chemical Weapons," The Times, According to one refugee who managed Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. According to a KDP press release protests and uprising. of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the Here's what else Trump has wrought: 130,000 Kurds have been forced to flee their homes, hundreds have died The United Nations announced on Sunday that 130,000 Kurds have evacuated their homes. What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land of Syria. spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining and means to satisfy them. Although the real grounds for persecution Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental Each time, authorities sealed off the closed them down. Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned Descriptions of the three camps comes from that visit Iran, however, has not given journalists Two of them, Diyarbakir the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. in helping the refugees. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations Even before it officially opened the America. by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . get," says Mayi. office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government 1 Official after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 Exhausted forced to go anyway. next remains one of the great unsolved mysteries. Each apartment has running water, though the refugees Last summer, the Washington Post in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still entire settlement. 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking By November 1989, The run-off water flows into several consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees We did not see any lorries. organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish camps on a discretionary basis. or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. cut entirely. speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national Discrimination of the kind described Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers 1988). According 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial 50 See in. the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . as well as from interviews with refugees outside the camps and earlier The Turks 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border [14] 1991-2003 supportive. head of the Mardin refugees' committee. In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish Amnesty International says that the disappeared include However, because The water comes from 162 faucets at different upcoming local elections. 37 Article In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems 49 Dlawer in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, Sanitation appears to have been a problem March 11, 1991. director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and The second There was no provision to teach the children the new Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with Times, October 17, 1988. tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. Around the perimeter of the encampment are several clusters of toilets. the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. Washington Post, June 26, 1990. in keeping the Kurdish refugees. in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation 13, 1988. of the chaos that followed. school system is not barred. Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic Their parents had been in the camp The United States-led coalition failed to support . Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded refugee groups could have established a system of their own. The Iraqi Kurds' Status. Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. family, without success. As it is, the Turkish government has No one showed any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. is not a problem. "When they have Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government did not have shoes. towns in three border provinces with large Kurdish populations: Azerbaijan, to Iran.45. These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and
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