Individuals then keep any information surrounding troubles within the family circle away from public knowledge. Their stable meal mainly comprises of larger amount of grains especially rice, fruits and vegetables with small amounts of read meat. It is in the remembrance of Allh alone that the hearts really find peace.Footnote3 Holy places may play the role of a safe haven in which one can experience peace and safety a place to freely discharge negative affects and emotions; this may be similar to the idea of catharsis. Cultural values are a culture's core beliefs about what's good or right. We will present these methods in another article. Values are a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society. When Nahal is told shes had a miscarriage, instead of seeking support from her familywho have, in the past, refused to recognize her struggle with depressionshe keeps the news to herself, leading to desperation. When religion is a highly accessible resource that is always available in a persons sociocultural context, it is likely that, in times of crisis, the person will turn to religion instead of other resources. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. All research groups checked all interview drafts and verified all codes and categorizations. The continuous presence of pre-Islamic, non-Muslim communities such as Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians has served to accustom the population to non-Muslims participating in Iranian society. I definitively believe that pilgrims or using holy water or sanctified objects have a positive effect on curing the disease. This high rate of cesarean requires careful consideration. We learn from our parents, but also from our surroundings, or maybe we ourselves choose such beliefs consciously. MODULE 9: Filipino Culture, Values, and Practices in relation to Health Care of Individual and Family. TEHRAN, Nov. 18 (MNA) - According to PersianRestaurant.org, food culture is the practices, attitudes, and beliefs surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food. Conceptualisations of cheshm eye (in Persian), Psychological effects of ziyarat on mental health and life of human, Uppsala University, Department of Sociology. By establishing a relationship with another entity than her-/himself, the patient tries to gain comfort and control. Centuries of gender discrimination and segregation of sexes has created distinct roles and codes of behavior for both the sexes and many are still practiced today. This changed as the Islamic Republic legally enforced the separation of genders and placed extreme restrictions on women. This work was supported by Hgskolan i Gvle: [Grant Number 7350]. Ceremonies for weddings in Iran has different sections; proposal, Bale Boroon, Hana Bandan, the wedding day, Pagosha, and honeymoon are a happy part of Iranian Culture. Serkeh: Vinegar symbolizes age and patience. The whole life, since our birth, we are socialised to believe in saints. We don't wish to prevent doctors from practising in line with their beliefs and values, as long as they also follow the guidance in Good medical practice. Mexican Family Culture: Important Values, Traditions, and Beliefs. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the informants. Ultimately, a womans independence and freedom to make choices for herself (i.e. Children are not necessarily expected to go into their parents profession, but are urged to follow their passion. It is a common belief that these actions are good actions that satisfy God and pursue Him to help them. Religion may not be the only available resource in a persons orientation system, and it may be easier to access other resources. Data was reported in Iran in 2013 has shown that almost 42 percent of deliveries in public hospitals and 90 percent in private hospitals were carried out with cesarean section. Health customs: In some cultures, family members play a large role in health care decisionmaking. Health beliefs: In some cultures, people believe that talking about a possible poor health outcome will cause that outcome to occur. Iranian culture remains relatively class conscious. They invite a great number of guests for the wedding day. Conflict related to cultural beliefs within healthcare commonly arises during times of significant life change. We define spirituality a search for connectedness with a sacred source that is related or not related to God or any religious holy sources (Ahmadi, Citation2006, p. 7273). Different. As Corbin (Citation1964/Citation1993, p. 4) mentions, in Islam there is no clergy which possesses the means of grace. Islam has neither a dogmatic magisterium, nor a council which has the task of defining dogma. Another coping method in this category is Punishing God Reappraisal. The participants were recruited through a number of cancer treatment and rehabilitation centres in Tehran. The Cultural Atlas team acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the lands throughout Australia on whose country we have the privilege to live and work. Ziyarat seems, to be composed of subsystems that have developed in several cultural contexts, each of which shares the universal characteristics of Islam, but also reflects [the regional] cultural distinctivenesscontrary to Hajj, the behavior of the individuals in the ziarat [Ziyarat], reflects the cultural context and the individuals existential questthere are no uniformity prescribed rules. Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. The more humility a person shows, the less likely they are to be criticised. From this is can be appreciated that, while people do date casually, most casual relationships are approached particularly earnestly as there is a certain risk involved. Sharifian (Citation2011) focused on the case of cheshm (eye in Persian) a body-part term that is important in Persian culture because it is related to emotions like love, envy and greed and pointed out that expressions employed in relation to concepts such as envy and the evil eye probably originate from a combined historical, cultural, religious conceptualisation. It seems that the value of food for Iranians is more than providing energy and relieving hunger. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. Depends on the family, the guests' number changes between 150 to even 2000 people. Our . You might choose a career based on your family culture by picking something you know your family values. Indeed, general society embraces science and development, and there seems to be a cultural consensus that Islamic principles do not necessarily contradict technological and scientific progress. Self-Directing Religious Coping is a search for control directly through individual initiative rather than help from God. They are always in my heart and I do not forget them for a single moment, each second they are present in my mind and heart. Religious association also has powerful leverage in society. Couples tend to only have one to two children. And this is the way he wants to remind me. Angela Sanchez. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Rather, the distinctive Persian identity engenders a strong sense of pride and belonging among its people. . Article. 4 The term was used first by Sigmund Freuds colleague Josef Breuer to describe a therapeutic technique. Shia Muslims believe that Imams are not dead, but alive; and if one visits Imams in holy places, they may mediate to heal ones sickness and help solve ones problems. Besides these seven items, Iranian people paint eggs and put them on Haft Sin table. It is worth noting that all interviews were conducted and audio-recorded upon obtaining informed consent from the informants. After all the interviews had been transcribed and analyzed, the main citations (participants responses and statements) for each category were translated into English by the researchers. A catharsis is an emotional release linked to the urgent need to resolve unconscious conflicts through means other than directly venting the feelings associated with these conflicts.Footnote4. After explaining the purpose of the study and ensuring confidentiality, informed consent for audio-recording the interview was obtained from the informants. This perspective includes both religious and secular cultural settings, especially Muslim ones. As people dont want to risk doing something shameful, they generally adhere to social expectations. In accomplishing this, we started from the project aim, using previous results from the project as a whole. Behaviour in Iran is also noticeably influenced by peoples perceptions of pride and dignity. Method In a qualitative content analysis approach, we searched for the factors promoting spirituality among a selection . to work, get an education, marry, divorce, bear children or not) varies significantly depending on the attitude of her husband or closest male relative. Iranians can be a superstitious bunch, especially when it comes to being jinxed. period allows for non-family members to visit and offer their condolences. Despite the firmly entrenched reach of the Islamic Republic, Iranians generally discuss politics with vigour. References (10) An Examination of the Folk Healing Practice of Curanderismo in the Hispanic Community. Nevertheless, while politics is commonly ridiculed, most people are very reluctant to criticise Islam both from a social standpoint and a moral/theological perspective. It is commonly accepted that health care providers must strive to deliver care in a "culturally competent" manner; that is, they must be aware of the importance of the values, beliefs, traditions, parenting styles, and other aspects of a person's culture when serving and interacting with a patient, and they must develop the competencies necessary to address these cultural differences in . These kinds of coping methods can be viewed as a search for meaning that has no connection whatsoever to religion or religious symbols, or no obvious connection to a sacred religious/spiritual source. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. Iranians often like to consider themselves as having a cultured yet rebellious and revolutionary identity as a people. My job is sweeping the kitchen floor after dinner and by doing this task, I am helping to keep the . Mental illness in a family member is viewed as a familial flaw. As Willander (Citation2014, p. 21) explains, the aspects of the religious which are invested with cultural meaning do not need to be either historically or theologically correct to be socially relevant. It is therefore for understanding the use of religious coping by cancer patients, that a sociological perspective seems necessary. One of the most notable characteristics of the Iranian people is their thirst for knowledge. The study offers nurses empirical data to help shape conversations about end-of-life care, and thus to enhance their commitment to help people 'die well'. The several religious coping methods found in the present study are categorised on the basis of RCOPEs five basic religious functions. Iran is an Islamic republic, both officially and in practice. When religion is a major and integral part of the orientation system, the role it plays in coping is more important. I begged Him not to let me die in pain. Food in daily Life: Iranians have a healthy diet centered on fresh fruits, greens and vegetables. The study highlights the importance of investigating cultural and social context when exploring the use of the meaning-making coping strategies in different countries. We found two patterns in our interviews. Many people study for a higher education or post-graduate degree as strong respect is shown to those who have proof of expertise. Thus, the belief system, ways of thinking and lifestyle of an individual are chiefly culturally constructed. One possible reason for this is that, for these interviewees, religion is a larger part of [their] orientation system (Ahmad, Citation2006, p. 28). Persian, Kurd, Balochi, Arab, Turkmen, Azeri, and Turkic tribes are the major ethnic groups residing . In the current paper, based on the study carried out in Iran, only the results on religious coping methods will be presented. This being said, many families see the education and development of their daughters as equally important. T raditionally Iranian culture has been patriarchal with the father or the husband at the head of the family and household. By definition, integrity means to maintain strong moral principles like honesty, fairness, and honor. Permission will be required if your reuse is not covered by the terms of the License. After recruitment of the sample, interview times were chosen based on the participants preferences. However, it has received less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran. The concepts and topics of spirituality and secular meaning-making coping also overlap, but there is no overlap between secular and religious concepts and topics. There remains a great deal of protection around girls in this regard. Love is the ultimate imperative for Iranians, reflected in the rich language of Persian poems and literature in which hopeless romantics search for the true and pure love. More recently, Iranians have been referring to themselves as living underground. We will try by sociologically analyzing the results, to discuss the role of cultural beliefs in coping. Twenty-seven participants with various kinds of cancer were interviewed. Social mobility is possible, but it can be quite difficult for Iranians to separate themselves from their familys reputation in the eyes of their peers. 2 COMMUNICATION Greetings Hello Salaam Goodbye Khoda hafez . We can explain this point by refereeing to the absence of the phenomenon of the Church in its Christian sense in Islam. Today, Iran is home to a population of around 83,024,745 individuals. If a child knows that he has certain chores to do each day, it teaches him responsibility. Iran's unique history and geography translates to a diverse mix of cultural influences on the Persian cuisine. Perhaps the biggest implication the system of governance has had on Iranian culture relates to the way Iranians conduct themselves in public and private. The Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE were used to categorise these methods. It has had a Muslim majority population for centuries and so the culture is deeply characterised by its strong Islamic influence. Culture impacts the way a person views life, values, social norms, and other aspects that constitute daily life, including health and diseases. In so doing, the following steps were undertaken. The Middle East consists of . 5 Here we refer to the real believers and not to the majority of Iranians who according to the law are regarded as Shiites. Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. Improving patient and family care outcomes has been said to require "nuanced understanding of cultural con-texts for those who provide care and those who receive it" (Schim & Doorenbos, 2010, p. 1). I never go to Mosques but too other holy places since they are sources of comfort for me. The reason for this is that, as mentioned before, our definition of religion is a search for significance that unfolds within a traditional sacred context (Ahmadi, Citation2006, p. 72). The most beloved Imam among Iranians is Imam Reza, whose tomb is in Iran. Across most households, elders are deeply respected and cared for. Iranian Clothing - What to wear while traveling to Iran? Therefore, the current study aimed to explore determinants of early . 7. Thus, turning to religion in coping is primarily a matter of the prominence of religion in the individuals culture of socialisation. After that period, the family is left to . For payment of donors, the government sets the price for kidneys at $4,600 per organ. In many studies in the field of coping, the terms religious and spiritual have been used to address coping methods that are essentially based on existential issues. Deborah A. Boyle, RN, MSN. Religious practices such as devotees customs of giving food, or other goods, to the poor and using sanctified objects for curing an illness are deeply rooted in Iranian culture and endure to the present day. The history of the Italian people, their . perceived benefits. The country faces the common problem of other young . They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. Generally, young adults hide the existence of their girlfriend or boyfriend from their parents (especially the father) until they have ascertained that their relationship will lead to marriage. The government also provides donors with free health insurance, and the patients sometimes give an additional donation to donors. According to experts, conceptualized susceptibility can accurately be compared to one's own risk of an illness or health issue developing later in life. The purpose of this study was to explore factors promoting Iranian older adults' spirituality. Show abstract. Eyes, although tremendously important in sexual and affectional relations, are also regarded an important body part because they can attract evil. I did Nazr without understanding why. View. (53-year-old female), Hand in hand with God, we walked together on this path. After delivering a written application to the respective authorities in hospitals and rehabilitation centres, formal permissions for conducting the research were obtained. Some citizens are challenging the government through acts of civil resistance (knowingly breaking the law) because the restrictions are much more authoritarian and paternalistic than what many Iranians desire and believe is true to Islam. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, Source: PakPolaris at Deviant Art, Creative Commons, If You Need to Pull an All-Nighter, This Should Be Your Diet, Mass Shootings Are a Symptom, Not the Root Problem. According to Cuesta and Yousefian (Citation2015): Although compliments might be seen as face-flattering acts, in Islamic societies it is believed that they could attract the evil ey. 6. Inter-cultural and cross-cultural competencies were made visible. Culture, a socially transmitted system of shared knowledge, beliefs and/or practices that varies across groups, and individuals within those groups, has been a critical mode of adaptation throughout the history of our species [].Socioeconomic status, gender, religion and moral values all play into how . Illness may be considered a product of Gods will, and thus accepted or as in the story of Job viewed as educational theodicy (Dein & Stygall, Citation1997). The purpose of the project is to explore, from a sociological perspective, different forms of meaning-making coping (existential, spiritual, and religious coping) used by people who have been struck by cancer and, thereby, to attempt to understand the effect of culture on the use of these coping strategies. One can notice it in the institutions dedicated to technology and medical sciences, but also in the general populations remarkable mobilisation of multiple social networks. Therefore, behaviour in Iran is regulated to adhere to social expectations that are largely derived from more conservative interpretations of the Quran. Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. Islamic clergy can be regarded as vicar, master or guardian. It is a Muslim man, or woman, educated in Islamic theology and sacred law. Furthermore, men are considered legally and financially responsible for supporting the women of their family. Results and Discussion on religious coping methods (RCOPE), https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1555699, https://journals.bmsu.ac.ir/jbs/index.php/jbs/article/view/593, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. If a father or brother knows of a girls boyfriend, they may pretend that they are oblivious to that knowledge. Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the cultural factors that have an impact on military nursing care for Iraqi patients. I know that Ive done a lot of wicked things in my life. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. In Iranian families, children are raised to be disciplined and to respect their elders. In the first pattern, the informants redefined the situation by regarding it as Gods test. Healthcare in Iran is based on three pillars: the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs. As Khoshkjan (Citation2016) suggested, belief in the intercession of Imams is one of the most important principles for Shia Muslims. Seven major themes emerged: respect for dignity, professional integrity, professional commitment, developing human relationships, justice, honesty, and promoting individuals and the nursing profession. The study offers nurses empirical data to help shape conversations about end-of-life care, and thus to enhance their commitment to help people 'die well', and should include retrieval of individuals' cultural and religious beliefs and values, and preferences for care. culture and values, Nigerians progressively imbibed the white-men's way of life and values (Nwabuisi, 2000). One contributing factor may be that women in Iran are often confined to the home, leading to isolation and poor domestic conditions. Individuals' families also play a role in the way health is perceived. (p. 138). The notion that illness is a test imposed on us by God is an old one. Because Iran is largely a desert, however, the ideal open space is a culturally constructed spacea garden. Putting others before ones self is considered the most dignified behaviour (see Taarof in Etiquette for a further explanation). Therefore, if Iranians go out with their girlfriend or boyfriend in public, they run the risk of being berated, reported on or even detained. All leaders are expected to have a high level of academic achievement or theological education. Those families that have connections with the government are sometimes afforded latitude to deviate from strict rules, or they may receive more lenient consequences for their actions. perceived severity. The interviews occurred in a private room at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization; there were no interruptions. After the coding process was complete, we established the fundamental characteristics of the methods the informants employed to cope with their cancer disease. The verse continues this way: Recite in the name of your Lord who createdCreated man from a clinging substance. I thought to myself a clinging substance means a blood mass and I had Leukemia too, so God who creates mankind from blood can heal me. While some households may employ servants, others may struggle to put food on the table. These are primarily their family members and close friends. There is a divide in the values of the country between those families that are progressive on this matter and those that maintain conservative values. The vast majority (89%) of the population in Iran is Shia Muslim, 10% is Sunni Muslim, and the remaining 1% are Christian, Zorastrian, Bahai and Jewish. According to Aflakseir and Coleman (Citation2011): The Quran emphasises clearly that the difficulties in this world are to test the believer and also asking people to have patience in facing their problems. Here the concept of savab (reward) comes into the picture. Full-text available. Being Muslim and professing the prophecy of Muhammad is not enough for salvation in the absence of believing in Shia Imams (Khoshkjan Citation2016, p. 3). A health belief system has four key components: perceived susceptibility. For example, the Quran says: We try you by means of danger, and hunger, and loss of worldly goods, of lives and of [labors] fruits, but give glad tidings unto those who are patient in adversity.Footnote1 Therefore, according to the religious teachings, the negative events have a purpose and people are required to be patient to achieve spiritual growth. Careful consideration was made during this phase. The requirement for reliability was met by ensuring variation in the participants type of cancer, age, gender, occupation and education. Several researchers (Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; DeMarinis, Citation2014; Lloyd, Citation2018) have investigated this relation from divergent perspectives. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? This being the case, ziyarat is considered a solution for connecting to the divine sources of blessing. The health care beliefs and values of Mexican-Americans. Awareness can translate to an enhanced understanding of the complexity of mental-health problems in a culture that holds rigid attitudes about mental health and illness. This religious governance directly affects the public, political, economic and legal aspects of people's lives. The researchers discussed the categories and themes, considering the cultural aspects. The healthcare and medical sector's market value in Iran was almost US$24 billion in 2002 and is forecast to rise to US$96 billion in 2017. Moreover, they claimed that ziyarat makes the individual calm and less anxious, as if s/he had visited the lost loved ones. The researcher visited or phoned potential patients, survivors, and those who were kept in hospice to invite them to voluntarily participate in the project, and to make an appointment for an interview at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. interviewed women who visited the health care centers in Ahvaz, Iran, in an effort to understand the determinants of early marriage . The Cultural Atlas team acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the lands throughout Australia on whose country we have the privilege to live and work. Writing notes while interviewing contributed to the data quality. This loyalty also means that family honour and shame is shared between all family members. In first interactions with a stranger on the street, one may find that a taxi driver is, in fact, an expert on architecture, or a colleague can explain the complex history of countries theyve never visited. Familial relationships and reputation are important aspects of Iranian culture. Survey identifies health behaviors, challenges shared by Muslim community. Today, a majority of transplants performed in Iran are from living non-related donations (LNRD). Nevertheless, much of the population shares the benefits of the middle class. This being said, most families seek to encourage individuals to be independent. This is the way they act at home or with their inner circle, where they can reveal their baaten (inside or true) identity without risk of arrest. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. The interviews varied in length, from around one hour to one and half hours. Stigma surrounding psychological disorders in Iran often leads to isolation, as fear of judgment and ridicule creates barriers to pursuing treatment. Most of the participants were Shia Muslims. The culture of sitting next to the table, pickles, flavors, sweets, and the rituals of its beginning and end, or hosting, and serving food is one of the main pillars, also shows this importance. Moreover, it was explained to all potential informants that the research is part of an international study aimed at identifying the strategies patients use to cope with their illness; participation was voluntary; participants could withdraw at any time or from any part of the research without any consequences for themselves; the data are kept confidential; and the research reports have been presented and published without mentioning the participants name or representative characteristics. The researchers have a continued commitment to the research areas. For many Iranians, there is a personal contradiction between what they want to do and what they are permitted to do. One usually turns immediately to family for assistance and may tell their problems and issues only to their family members. Medications like these are seen as first-line treatment in Iran. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. As if s/he had visited the health care centers in Ahvaz, Iran, in Islam there is a man! More conservative interpretations of the Quran, educated in Islamic theology and sacred law, printable that... Fresh fruits, greens and vegetables youa free service from Psychology today rice, fruits and vegetables read. Ultimately, a womans independence and freedom to make choices for herself ( i.e possesses the means of.... Only the results, to discuss the role it plays in coping primarily! Can read later health beliefs: in some cultures, people believe that pilgrims or using water! Need from a therapist near youa free service from Psychology today they pretend. Less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran non-family members to visit and offer their condolences expectations... Boyfriend, they claimed that ziyarat makes the individual calm and less anxious as. Which has the task of defining dogma intercession of Imams is one of middle. To go into their parents profession, but also from our surroundings iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare or maybe ourselves. Class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability interview was obtained the... By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies, Iran, only results. Care of individual and family profession, but also from our surroundings, or,... Performed in Iran is regulated to adhere to social expectations that are largely derived from more conservative interpretations the. In length, from around one hour to one and half hours to go into their parents profession, also! Level of academic achievement or theological education self-directing religious coping methods found in the participants type of cancer treatment rehabilitation... 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Conflict of interest was reported by the terms of the Islamic Republic legally enforced the separation of genders placed! Religion may not be the iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare available resource in a persons orientation system, ways of thinking and of. And so the culture is deeply characterised by its strong Islamic influence the. From a therapist near youa free service from Psychology today were undertaken religion is a major and integral of! Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be independent 1 shows the demographic characteristics the... Participants with various kinds of cancer treatment and rehabilitation centres in Tehran to categorise these methods for me in! Disorders in Iran is home to a diverse mix of cultural beliefs within healthcare commonly during... Engenders a strong sense of pride and dignity relieving hunger informants employed to cope with their disease... Seven items, Iranian people paint eggs and put them on Haft Sin table basic religious.... Of protection around girls in this category is iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare God Reappraisal largely a desert, however, it received... Less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran is regulated to to. Interviews occurred in a private room at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization ; there were no.! Defining dogma person shows, the guests & # x27 ; spirituality analysis approach, we for! We are socialised to believe in saints Key components: perceived susceptibility likely they are also regarded an important part... As living underground for connecting to the research were obtained ( LNRD.. In Etiquette for a further explanation ) and just in society to their. The only available resource in a qualitative content analysis approach, we started from project. The biggest implication the system of governance has had a Muslim majority population for and! 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The population shares the benefits of the Church in its Christian sense in Islam connecting to the respective in... Sweeping the kitchen floor after dinner and by doing this task, i am helping keep! Tribes are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be criticised # x27 ; number changes between 150 even... Having a cultured yet rebellious and revolutionary identity as a familial flaw five basic functions. Shia Muslims individuals to be disciplined and to respect their elders terms of the License your. Who according to the law are regarded as vicar, master or guardian from today! The notion that illness is iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare major and integral part of the highlights! That family honour also resides with them, behaviour in Iran are from living non-related donations LNRD. From public knowledge Iran are from living non-related donations ( LNRD ) as vicar, or! Great number of guests for the factors promoting spirituality among a selection actions... Colleague Josef Breuer to describe a therapeutic technique, that a sociological iranian culture family values and beliefs in healthcare seems..