http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus tenuiflorus var. However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus CIRSIUM. The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. 1979). Anonymous. Management Research Needs: A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. Its spiny leaves, stems, and phyllaries prevent animals from grazing on it and nearby forage. Carduus pycnocephalus can be distinguished from other thistle species by its relatively small and few terminal flowerheads and narrow phyllaries with copious tiny, firm, forward-pointing hairs, especially on the midrib (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973). Ethiopian traditional medi- . Epub 2015 Sep 1. By~nFVxe+@Gb.!|`.P>{mD[W..|J0#d]&s,G&+XL}[RSY'rQ+hpsq:+Xlm"5 Seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important (Parsons 1973). Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts. Drought favors a rapid increase in the thistle population. 1972) and in 1973 to control C. pycnocephalus in southern California (Goeden and Ricker 1978). It displaces desirable forage or cover plants, but more commonly colonizes disturbed habitats where interspecific competition is less intense (Goeden 1974). For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species. The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). Please refer to the PNW Weed Management Handbook, or contact your county noxious weed coordinator. %PDF-1.2 437 0 obj <>/Encrypt 394 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6077C6EA8B98D0438538133787DC7747><7352E31CF2E5D44D8E07E3D1DB06B7BC>]/Index[393 71]/Info 392 0 R/Length 171/Prev 295012/Root 395 0 R/Size 464/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream University of Turin Instituional Repository AperTO. It reduces the establishment of annual grasses and reduces the value of hay and other crops due to the blanketing effect of the overwintering rosettes, high rate and timing of germination, and its broad range of germination conditions. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 463 0 obj <>stream The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. (Asteraceae), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago (Sardinia--Italy). GERMINATION AND GROWTH Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). medicinal plants for their daily healthcare needs (Ojewole, 2004). When spraying large areas, a horizontal boom (6-8 feet long) made from aluminum tubing will improve herbicide coverage. Yes, I would like to receive emails from California Invasive Plant Council. It is found in disturbed areas, often with basaltic soils, fertile soils, or soils with a relatively high pH (> 6.5).[5][7]. Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent.[2]. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. Genus Carduus which belongs to the family Astraceae includes approximately 100 species worldwide ( Chaudhary, 2000) and is widely distributed around the Mediterranean. Rhinocyllus conicus was first introduced into Canada in 1968 for the biological control of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) and plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides L.) (Harris and Zwolfer 1971). In California, more than 40 species of indigenous or introduced phytophagous insects have adopted this alien weed as an alternate food-plant, at least 15 of which also find it a suitable reproduc- tive host. A winter annual, Carduus pycnocephalus stems range from 8 inches (20cm) to 6.6 feet (2.0m), and are glabrous to slightly wooly. 2,4-D does not affect grasses. Serv., U.S.D.A. pycnocephalus Carduus tenuiflorus var. This is the profile for the plant - Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. Carduus pycnocephalus and C. tenuiflorus behaved as short-season annuals, C. vulgare and Onopordum showed a strongly biennial response, and the other species were annual except for C. nutans . GERMINATION AND GROWTH. Weed class: A The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. Cultivation before seed production will eventually eliminate thistles, but only if repeated for several years. /app/up/entry/73/th/22000.jpg:!0000 0000 0108 1272:!/app/up/mg/44/th/13398.jpg:!/app/up/entry/29/th/8868.jpg:!/app/up/cbo/248/th/74532.jpg:!/app/up/mg/280/th/mg84205-2.jpg:!/app/up/mg/185/th/mg55602-2.jpg:!/app/up/io/39/th/io11908-0.jpg:!/app/up/gp/78/th/15673.jpg:!/app/up/entry/90/th/27010.jpg:!0000 0000 1104 0321:! A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). The use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate on natural areas such as Nature Conservancy preserves. It is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California. 2,4-D has been applied to C. pycnocephalus with limited success (Taylor 1977). Presentations are linked where available. endstream endobj 394 0 obj <>>>/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(';[\\2}3lVEgVb\(=/T)/P -1340/R 4/StmF/StdCF/StrF/StdCF/U(Z 0~K )/V 4>> endobj 395 0 obj <>/Metadata 11 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 391 0 R/StructTreeRoot 15 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 396 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 397 0 obj <>stream Flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the predominant classes of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). This is partly due to its germination requirements and timing. It is foliar absorbed and translocated, making it effective in destroying the roots. Gard.,107(2):1154-1565,2008, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021yx), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CAPY2. 2007 Apr 1;848(2):215-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.028. Its inability to reproduce vegetatively makes control easier, but constant monitoring will be necessary due to its potentially long seed dormancy (to 8 years). APPLYING HERBICIDES: Herbicides can be applied uniformly over an area (for large infestations) or by spot spraying only the individual plants. "Larvae thought to be Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus were recovered from mines in crowns of C. pycnocephalus rosettes in central Italy, though only adults were positively identified as fairly consistent associates of this plant. Additional research needs to be conducted on insects that can be used to control C. pycnocephalus and on the potential impact of these insects upon endangered native Cirsium species (Kok et al. Year Listed: 1991 All three species are unknown as artichoke or safflower pests, apparently only reproduce on Cadruinae, cause injury to vital plant parts at a critical growth stage of their host-plant (and thus appear capable of influencing the reproductive potential of C. pycnocephalus), and occur over a relatively wide geographic area. This weevil has been studied in depth as a candidate biological control agent by USDA entomologists and may be usefully employed against C. pycnocephalus and other Carduus species in North America in the near future" (Goeden 1974). Seeds of C. pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination (within 2 weeks) at optimum temperatures (Evans et al. The adults are foliage feeders, but more importantly the larvae mine crowns of rosettes and tips of expanding and expanded shoots, blasting the latter, and thus reduce the production of flowerheads. Genus: Carduus View Description Dichotomous Key Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp. Vyhledejte jednodue svj distel obrzek mezi miliony krsnch fotografi, snmk a vektor ve vysok kvalit. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). This weevil has been studied in depth as a candidate biological control agent by USDA entomologists and may be usefully employed against C. pycnocephalus and other CARDUUS species in North America in the near future" (Goeden 1974). It is a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and Europe. Picloram kills half the test animals (LD50) at 8000 mg/kg body weight and is considered to be of "relatively no hazard." C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. In field situations, the added hardship of intra- and interspecific competition may cause a greater effect on thistle populations. Carduus pycnocephalus Common Names: Italian thistle Evaluated on: 5/22/04 List committee review date: 08/07/2005 Re-evaluation date: Evaluator (s) John J. Knapp/ Invasive Plant Program Manager Catalina Island Conservancy P.O. Cal. Munz, P. A. The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. The primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California. 2,4-D has been applied to C. pycnocephalus with limited success (Taylor 1977). Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help It crowds out more desirable forage, as well as native plants, and excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense. (Hawkes et al. 2020 Jan 22;25(3):464. doi: 10.3390/molecules25030464. 1979). Spraying should be done on calm days with dry plants (dew or rain will dilute the herbicide, reducing its effectiveness). In many of the countries where it has become naturalized it is . Even with freezing temperatures during the daily cold period, germination was optimum if warm-period temperatures were from 5 to 20 C (Evans et al. To control by cutting, use a sharpened shovel at the top of the root crown. Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. pycnocephalus / Plymouth Thistle / Xewk tal-fjura gira. The brown seeds do not usually dehisce from the seedheads, and this may be important in the establishment of these seeds in the seedbed litter (Evans et al. Grubbing hoes must cut the plants 2 to 4 inches below ground level to prevent resprouting from dormant axillary buds. 2,4-D can be used in combination with biological control measures to control Carduus. g-a( +6O ,]YE:DumW2ZVQ'h[ ==*`vY7R!vo DKJ@58a+PI}!HB.a0u{'#-&V#_cBG{zBJ)&>Lg>a~7EcB5I]w'Y FQn2 6pa[3,f~66{w[.
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