Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. Sirotkin A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects. As previously mentioned, soybeans and their derived foodstuffs are the main isoflavone sources in the human diet, at least if we do not consider red clover extract supplements, which are being widely used by menopausal women as nutraceutical therapy [13]. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. (2017) also analyzed eight studies of prostate cancer, and they found an association between isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk [61]. (2018), 30 articles were included for analysis; 15 of them were case-control studies, eight cohort studies and seven nested case-control studies [76]. (At least not real scientists.) Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Global climate change is not a future problem. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . Bardin A., Boulle N., Lazennec G., Vignon F., Pujol P. Loss of ERbeta expression as a common step in estrogen-dependent tumor progression. (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. Soy isoflavones osteoprotective role in postmenopausal women: Mechanism of action. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. (2015), the authors examined the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [86]. (2016) analyzed the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness in pre- and post-menopausal women, which is a biomarker for the proliferative effects of estrogens associated with an increased endometrial risk [72]. As in the previous study, the onset of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments. Another meta-analysis, conducted by Zhao et al. ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. The authors reported that isoflavone intake from soy products and legumes was associated with a 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on menopause. In a study conducted by Karr et al., the authors analyzed the urinary excretion of genistein, daidzein, equol and O-DMA in fourteen young men and women [47]. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. (2016) published a meta-analysis of 13 case-control and four prospective cohort studies, where the results revealed that soy isoflavone consumption reduced the risk of developing colorectal cancer by 23% [79]. For their meta-analysis, Jiang et al. In this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al. we announced our decision to consider the exercise of our enforcement discretion relative to the declaration of eight more isolated or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrates as dietary fibers when . Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Furthermore, isoflavones are associated with proteins; thus, alcohol extraction and processing diminish isoflavone content in foodstuffs such as fermented soybean, tofu or soy beverages. Perez-Cornago A., Appleby P.N., Boeing H., Gil L., Kyr C., Ricceri F., Murphy N., Trichopoulou A., Tsilidis K.K., Khaw K.T., et al. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. Conceptualization, S.G.-Z. They found that the use of dietary isoflavones or supplements and extracts was associated with an improvement in hot flushes, but not with a reduction in the frequency of night sweats. In tropical climates meat which is exposed to the moonlight rapidly becomes putrid ; and in the Indies, the negroes who will lie sweltering and unoovered beneath the full glare of a tropical sun, carefully muffle their heads and faces when exposed to the moonbeams, which they believe will cause swelling and distortion of the features, and sometimes even blindness. Determination of total soy isoflavones in dietary supplements, supplement ingredients, and soy foods by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection: Collaborative study. [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. The dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day. Implications of phytoestrogen intake for breast cancer. Moonlight sonata. They performed a separated meta-analysis for each of the interventions, including dietary soy isoflavones (including four studies), supplements and extracts of soy isoflavones (including six studies) and red clover isoflavones (including seven studies). Proof by rational experiment seems to have been. Considering the isoflavone chemical structure, potential health adverse effects of these compounds related to their estrogenic activity have been postulated, despite the scientific opinion offered by EFSA indicating that isoflavone intake was safe. Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. The authors suggested that further studies grouping subjects by isoflavone intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this association. As in the case of other phenolic compounds, genistein and daidzein undergo phase II xenobiotic metabolism, mainly glucuronidation and sulfation reactions at 4and/or 7 positions of the isoflavone ring [34,35]. The tides are crucial to life: tidal pools, sheltered and renewed in rhythm with these cycles, catalyzed some of the first stable ecologies and still represent unique niches. Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees. The effect of the moon on planting times is stated as a matter of fact in such popular publications as The Old Farmer's Almanac and books such as Gardening and Planting by the Moon 2018, and, of course, calendars such as The Biodynamic Sowing and Planting Calendar 2018. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The authors indicated that high concentrations of daidzein and genistein (no specific values concerning these concentrations were available) were related to 34% and 28% reduction in breast cancer risk, respectively, whereas no association with equol was found. FOIA Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. Thus, soybean can be considered as the best food source. Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific expedition made by him to the Peak of Teneriffe, has set at rest the vexed question of the heat of the moonlight. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. Hence, plants grow faster and healthier. Scientists often disagree about certain things. The six meta-analyses show a slight improvement in the frequency and intensity of hot flushes. The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). Xu B., Chibber R., Ruggiero D., Kohner E., Ritter J., Ferro A., Ruggerio D. Impairment of vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by advanced glycation end products. Rizzo G., Baroni L. Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. In this regard, it has been reported that isoflavones have a higher affinity to the -estrogen receptor [7], which, contrary to the -estrogen receptor, inhibits cell proliferation and stimulates apoptosis [84]. In fact, in 2015, in relation to the possible adverse effects on the mammary gland, uterus and thyroid, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) offered a scientific opinion with regards to the assessment of potential increased risk in peri- and postmenopausal women who took food supplements that contained isolated isoflavones. Liu J., Yuan F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Wang H., Gao Y. Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Chemical structure of 17-estradiol. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with 21 case-control studies and two cohort studies, with a total number of 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls [77]. Moreover, the authors suggested that ethnicity could have had influenced this association, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Effects of isoflavones in menopausal symptoms. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. In general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for cancer prevention. After this, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [40]. In their systematic revision, which included 1307 menopausal (n = 139) and post-menopausal (n = 1268) women, Perna et al. Ko K.P., Kim C.S., Ahn Y., Park S.J., Kim Y.J., Park J.K., Lim Y.K., Yoo K.Y., Kim S.S. Atkinson C., Frankenfeld C.L., Lampe J.W. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. Sansai et al. Santo A.S., Santo A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J. Opposite effect in Asian women, Prospective studies (3) Case-control studies (5), Isoflavone consumption (>45 mg/day among the Asian population, and >1 mg/day among the non-Asian population), Potential reduction risk associated with isoflavone consumption, Prospective cohort study (5) Case-control study (7), Cohort prospective study (2 studies from Japan and 5 studies from Europe), 241 cases and 503 controls (from Japanese studies), and 2828 cases and 5593 controls (from European studies), Circulating isoflavone concentrations (nmol/L): Daidzein (Japanese: 115166; European: 2.843.96), Genistein, daidzein and equol did not affect prostate cancer risk in both Japanese and European men, Case-control study (15) Cohort study (8) Nested case-control study (7), 266,699 (21,612 patients with prostate cancer), Isoflavones were not associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk, Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose not defined), 19% reduction in prostate cancer risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not with genistein or equol, Participants: 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls, Daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk (no effect with equol), 559,486 (among them 16,917 colorectal cancer cases), Foods rich in isoflavones (dose not defined), Soy foods (30 mg/day170 g/day) and isoflavones (0.01460 mg/day). Ronis M.J., Little J.M., Barone G.W., Chen G., Radominska-Pandya A., Badger T.M. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. This fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them. This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. The results showed that a higher regular intake of foods rich in isoflavones might potentially decrease colorectal cancer incidence. The authors studied all possible correlations between isoflavone consumption and the risk of breast cancer. Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites, which are produced by plants as a defense mechanism against infection, water stress, cold stress, ultraviolet radiation and high visible light, among others [1,2]. Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. Some gardening folklore suggests that planting crops according to the phases of the moon will give you a better harvest, but there is little scientific evidence to back this up. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-. The conclusion was that isoflavones exerted little influence over bone mineral density and thus over bone health during menopause, although not all the studies observed the same effect. They observed that daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a significant reduction of prostate cancer risk. Concerning this issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in the present review (Table 5). In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. Even though red clover has a greater amount of isoflavones, it is not an edible plant, and it is consumed as a food complement. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. ); sue.uhe@zelaznog.enatiam (M.G.-A. In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. Lastly, Abshirini et al. Moreover, this association was more prominent among postmenopausal women than premenopausal women. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with ten observational studies to assess the association between the isoflavone compounds daidzein, genistein and equol, and breast cancer [61]. Zhao T.T., Jin F., Li J.G., Xu Y.Y., Dong H.T., Liu Q., Xing P., Zhu G.L., Xu H., Miao Z.F. The main isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin A and formononetin [9,12]. Thirty-nine studies were included with a sample size of 200 women per trial, in which the intervention period ranged from two to 96 weeks (median 12 weeks). Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. Regarding blood pressure, inconsistent results were reported in three further interventional studies (n = 406 healthy, postmenopausal or obese participants aged 5079 years) either in diastolic or systolic blood pressure, after a supplementation with soy-protein. Interestingly, soy protein isolate (void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein solation phase) did not show these effects. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats. Circulating isoflavone and lignan concentrations and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies including 2,828 cases and 5,593 controls. Perna et al. and transmitted securely. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. The same results were reported in another meta-analysis published by the same authors a year later (Li et al., 2016), when they compared the efficacy of several non-hormonal drugs on hot flushes, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), gabapentin, clonidine and soy isoflavones [88]. This difference could explain the slow effect of isoflavones in alleviating hot flushes. But that doesn't mean that they dig in their heels and argue about it. Altogether, these results show that further studies are needed in order to find stronger conclusions. In addition, several studies have observed that the urine excretion of daidzein metabolites is notably higher than that of genistein metabolites [44,45,46]. Dietary intake of flavonoid subclasses and risk of colorectal cancer: Evidence from population studies. The authors found a significant inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence. They could be useful in reducing hot flushes [ 86 ] re a gardener you. Soy Foods and their effects be useful in reducing hot flushes the clinical of... Heterogeneity among studies, which is the precursor of scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants equol and O-demethylangolensin ( O-DMA ) 37... Authors suggested that further studies are needed in order to find stronger conclusions cardiovascular risk and the. Has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats phase ) did not show effects! 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