And I think it affected a lot more people than anybody even realizes today. He never got one. Kinzer: This idea of some evil scientists taking control of someone else's mind is a wonderfully appealing trope, and it's been used repeatedly in very popular movies and books and stories. [31][2] In her book, In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada,[32] author Anne Collins explored the history of Cameron and Montreal's Allan Memorial Institute. And, until theres true accountability for what happened and what is still happening, it never will be. Advancing Voluntary, Informed Consent to Medical Intervention, Cameron was an internationally prominent psychiatrist who developed torture techniques on his involuntary hospitalized patients mostly women. Ben: Perhapsthis is Dr. Cameron's most enduring legacy. Ewen Donald Cameron. His successor at Allan, Robert Cleghorn, would later write (via "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,""Cameron's controversial practices [are] now thoroughly discredited." His occupation was occupation. Region. She never did get her children back. The goal, says CBC, was to reduce the patient to what was called a "childlike state," with some people destroyed so completely that they could no longer walk, talk, or dress themselves Shoelaces? Cameron focused primarily on biological descriptive psychiatry and applied the British and European schools and models of the practice. Amory: But, Camerons extreme measures didnt result in a Nobel Prize or any mental health breakthroughs, which is why Harvey finds a certain poetry in his untimely death. Ewen Cameron made the hike with Duncans younger brother, James. Ben: Did you ever get a sense of at least some of the things that he was trying to accomplish while he was at the Allan? [10] There he met A. T. Mathers, Manitoba's principal psychiatrist, who convinced Cameron in 1929 to move to Brandon, the second largest city of Manitoba, Canada. The idea was turning the mind into a fresh slate for the next part of the process, called "psychic driving.". Cameron quickly found patients didn't want to listen to the messages. Joseph Rauh Jr. was one of the attorneys that represented the group who filed lawsuits in the mid-1980s. The second part of the technique was inspired by something called the Cerebrophone, which was essentially a "learn-while-you-sleep" recording device. "[35] She then cites Alfred W. McCoy: "Stripped of its bizarre excesses, Cameron's experiments, building upon Donald O. Hebb's earlier breakthrough, laid the scientific foundation for the CIA's two-stage psychological torture method. We encourage you to research and examine these records to . That was just something we wanted to get clarification on. Duncan Cameron: This is a picture of the whole family. He had patients. But none of us trained in psychiatry. Like, did she always have problems? And he said, Oh, gosh. She goes, No. She was the one that was gonna go and conquer the world. For years, the patients of Dr. Ewen Cameron or, more accurately, the families of those patients have been trying to get compensation for the unthinkable experiments their loved ones were subjected to. [16], Cameron next published Nuremberg and Its Significance. Donald Ewen Cameron was born in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, the oldest son of a Presbyterian minister. John Marks: The Allan Memorial Institute under Cleghorn commissioned a study of his work, which is absolutely or almost absolutely unprecedented in the psychiatric field. Cameron further argued that "the weak" must not influence children. By literally wiping the minds of his subjects clean by depatterning and then trying to program in new behavior, Cameron carried the process known as brainwashing to its logical extreme., The dehumanizing nature of his methods were published in premier medical journals without any complaints from other psychiatrists; Cameron read papers about depatterning with electroshock before meetings of his fellow psychiatrists; and they rewarded him, electing him president of the American, Canadian, and World Psychiatric Associations. Her family sued, first based on the treatment alone, then again, after discovering she was a part of the MKUltra program. Ewen Cameron was fulfilling one of the items on his life bucket list: to climb Street Mountain. The lawsuits were dismissed, even though it was later shown there were a higher-than-usual number of people diagnosed with schizophrenia, presumably to increase Cameron's subject pool. Amory: Nearly everyone who experienced Camerons treatments first-hand has since died. Don't worry, it gets worse. ", Why MKUltra's Top Brainwashing Scientist Was A Real-Life Nightmare, "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron. Despite the horrific abuse, the American and Canadian psychiatric establishment closed ranks. Husband of Marielene Schlumberger. There's Edgar Allan Poe stories and Sherlock Holmes stories. Camerons techniques have no therapeutic validity whatsoever; they were comparable to Nazi medical atrocities. Peterborough County. Amory: Were bringing you the last installment of our special series: Madness The secret mission for mind control and the people who paid the price. 22 As the Watergate scandal broke in 1973, MKUltra was officially ordered to be shut down by the CIA. Alison Steel says her mother was never the same after undergoing. Pregnant with son Lloyd, Esther was kept in a drug-induced coma in the sleep room for a month, where she lost 13 pounds. Donald Ewen Cameron ((1901-12-24)24 December 1901 (1967-09-08)8 September 1967)[1] was a Scottish-born psychiatrist. In this, he hoped to establish a suitable method to reinstate a form of justice in Germany that could prevent its society from recreating the attitudes that led it from the Great War to World War II. And Camerons part of that. After his mother confirmed that yes, there were 12 boxes of papers that her sons both lawyers said she probably shouldn't share, Duncan revealed that he had gone through and taken out "several papers" that identified "a particular patient." In addition to LSD, he experimented with various paralytic drugs such as curare and electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. It's safe to say that the exact opposite happened. Did he ever talk about that? Stephen Bennett: If I put one of you, either Ben or Amory, into prison for two, three years, you should be okay because you can have time and space. [citation needed]. These did nothing to calm the feud which continued through succeeding reigns to when Donald's grandson Ewen, the 13th chief, fought at the battle of Flodden where James IV was killed. Amory: But Cameron was publishing articles and giving speeches about his work throughout his life. A Canadian government dismissed the CIAs role as a side issue or red herring; Ottawas Justice Department denied legal responsibility, offering each victim a nugatory $20,000 nuisance payment. Cameron believed that mental illness was literally contagious that if one came into contact with someone with mental illness, one would begin to produce the symptoms of a mental disease. Amory: Marian was 5 years old when her mom was admitted to the Allan for what she thinks was postpartum depression. "Now, that was a foolish mistake. My recollection was that I wasn't able to provide him with much information that he didn't already have. [29], Sid Taylor stated that Cameron used curare to immobilise his patients during his research. Those were right out. He commuted from Lake Placid, New York to Montreal every week to work at McGill's Allan Memorial Institute and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKUltra experiments there, known as the Montreal experiments. People Projects Discussions Surnames . After he left, his position as chair of the department of psychiatry was handed to Robert Cleghorn. Research genealogy for Donald Ewen Cameron of Minneapolis, Hennepin, Minnesota, USA, as well as other members of the Cameron family, on Ancestry. . Montreal's CTV says that by the time she died in 2011, she had spent the last 20 years of her life as an "infant," unable to allow anyone near her head without a terrible reaction. The National Post reports that in 1992, 77 of Cameron's patients were awarded an ex gratia settlement of $100,000, and that's all well and good, but claims made by more than 250 other people were rejected for various reasons. Care of his patients went to his assistants, and here's where things get even weirder. from the University of London in 1925, and an M.D. That was the case for people like Phyllis Goldberg. It was a heart attack and was very sudden. . She very slowly recovered mostly and died in 2017. Here, patients were exposed to a range of RF and electromagnetic signals and monitored for changes in behaviour. Or answer questions about his motivations, whether or not he knew he was part of the CIAs mind control efforts. Amory: Duncan struggles dealing with his dads legacy because he cant speak to why his dad did what he did. The described types were the enemies of society and life. A notoriously tough climb, he did it with his son James, and when he got to the top, he had a heart attack and died almost instantly. Heads up that some elements (i.e. Advertisement. . In 1926, he served as assistant medical officer there[9] and was introduced to psychiatrist Sir David Henderson, a student of Swiss-born US psychiatrist Adolf Meyer. The title is The Understanding Man. Lake Placid in particular, and the northern Adirondacks in general, have lost suddenly, tragically, but in a sense, beautifully, probably their most distinguished citizen. And in a lot of ways, modern psychiatry has completely left behind the man who once dominated its ranks. Instead of being considered for the fellowship, the neurologist was admitted to his Allan Memorial Institute, diagnosed with schizophrenia, and given such a heavy dose of barbiturates that it triggered an allergic reaction and she suffered from a prolonged loss of oxygen to the brain. Morrow's family got involved, and it was only at their insistence that she was transferred to another hospital. Ben: As for the CIAs MK-ULTRA program itself, it never had an official end date. I mean, he was fascinated with the future in his own field of psychiatry, medicine and government. "[H]e was born in. Duncan: Not really, I certainly don't know anything about the treatments he was using, I didnt know anything about that. [8] To prevent this, the West would have to take measures to reorganize German society. The insecure man "They are the driven crowds that makes the army of the authoritarian overlord; they are the stuffing of conservatism mediocrity is their god. And you see this actual physical manual on how to break down the human mind. Duncan: He loved hiking. Research genealogy for Donald Ewen Cameron of lambeth, as well as other members of the Cameron family, on Ancestry. Old '45" Cameron Major Cameron (1663 - 1718) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Amory: Sarah Anne Johnson, whose grandmother Val Orlikow was a patient of Ewen Camerons, has a response to Duncan that, considering what her family has been through as a result of his fathers experimentation, is surprising. That, says McGill University, was the work of Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron, a psychiatrist who performed experiments so horrifying he's been called "Scotland's Mengele." Amory: You're welcome to pull it out now. At the heart of MKUltra, says The Guardian, was the broadcasting of videos of American POWs from the Korean War condemning their own country and lauding the benefits of Communism. His list of credentials was so long it's impossible to list them all, but for starters, his resume included the University of Glasgow and Johns Hopkins, and in the 1930s, he was lauded for setting up a series of psychiatric clinics. Hes in his mid-80s now. Ben: Which brings us back to a question that no one can answer why did Dr. Cameron do what he did? And he put Camerons treatment program under the microscope. Ontario. [33] The son of one of Cameron's patients noted in a memoir that other than Ed Broadbent and Svend Robinson, no Canadian MP brought up the issue in the House of Parliament. Skip . Amory: Duncan also has an easy, quiet smile. In other words, torture. These experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the Institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postnatal depression; many were permanently debilitated after these treatments. And in a sense, that's what he wanted to do professionally. McGill's then-director of psychology, Dr. Donald Hebb, took the money and set up experiments using his ready-and-waiting pool of test subjects: students. Amory: The study, which was published a few months before Cameron died, found that Camerons methods exposed his patients to unnecessary risk, and that there was no clinical proof his methods were any more effective than standard forms of treatment. Our username is. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. They had four children; a daughter and three sons. It affected a lot of people. He died of a heart attack while climbing a mountain in the Adirondacks in 1967. Hebb submitted his findings to the CIA, and it ended up being just the beginning. According to "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,"there was more to his work at the Allan Memorial Institute than just exploring the CIA's questions about brainwashing. As the CBC notes, it's sourced pretty heavily from Cameron's work, and talks about things like "deprivation of sensory stimuli, threats and fear, pain, hypnosis and narcosis," and the source of their research? Then we brought them down I think it was probably during one of my infrequent jaunts up there I brought them down in my car, and I then took them over and deposited them at the American Psychiatric Association. ", "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,". Sarah Anne Johnson: I imagine this is very difficult for his family. For instance, he was careful to say he didnt know anything about his dads treatment regimen at the Allan, which may very well be true. He first solved the problem by wiring the speakers into football helmets and locking them onto patients' heads, but that ended up being not ideal. Very different. Kinzer: If Cameron had failed to find an effective means of mind control despite carrying out the most reckless experiments, in which he was willing to take any kind of a grotesque step in an effort to find that key, this must have helped feed Gottlieb's conclusion that the whole thing didn't exist. His father, grandfather and great-grandfather were all senior partners in the company. You know, my job was to look out for the cops. His focus on children included the rights to protection against outmoded, doctrinaire tactics, and the necessity for the implantation of taboos and inhibitions from their parents. I think he wanted to be famous. It's not clear how many patients Dr. Ewen Cameron's treatments destroyed, but some families have come forward with stories of what was done to their loved ones. . Another patient was suffering from leg pains that no one had been able to diagnose. He received an M.B., Ch.B. So I think the complaints of the doctors and nurses had reached their ears. Cameron started to distinguish populations between "the weak" and "the strong". Amory: In the early 60s, MK-ULTRA director Sidney Gottlieb took the so-called treatments Cameron used on his patients at the Allan and brought them back to the CIA. These negative statements were sometimes taken from the therapy sessions Cameron conducted when patients first arrived, says Rebecca Lemov, author of "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron." Many spent this period of time in what he called the "sleep room," where they were drugged into a medically-induced coma that they were brought out of only to be given three meals a day and the occasional trip to the bathroom. In some cases, the same phrases reappear all through these. During those years, Cameron began to expand on his thoughts about the interrelationships of mind and body, developing a reputation as a psychiatrist who could bridge the gap between the organic, structural neurologists, and the psychiatrists whose knowledge of anatomy was limited to maps of the mind as opposed to maps of the brain. Harvey: Here he is trying to reach the peak, trying to climb the mountain, reach this goal. [1] In papers published during this time he linked RNA to memory. He was there when his legal partner, Joseph Rauh, took Camerons deposition. Cameron stated, "Get it understood how dangerous these damaged, sick personalities are to ourselves and above all, to our children, whose traits are taking form and we shall find ways to put an end to them." Marian: There was a picture of my mom there and somebody commented, Ugh that's the Johanna that's her name I remember. And my sister looked at him and said, But what was she like? Duncan: It's really a very moving editorial. Amory: They bounced around between foster homes and orphanages for years, experienced emotional and physical abuse. Amory: Eventually though, it wasnt just Camerons successor who was calling him out. The work of Dr. Ewen Cameron may have been discredited by mainstream psychiatry, but that doesn't mean it went away completely. Ben Brock Johnson: So what do you have in front of you here? Who hasnt talked about this in a long time. Ben: Hebb did an interview with a film producer in the 1980s, saying, quote, Cameron was irresponsible criminally stupid. And that kind of explains why, when they were ordered to stop their depatterning and psychic driving of patients, they just sort of didn't. Amory: He said he did not destroy documents, that he didn't know about that. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Cameron continued his work on memory and its relationship to aging. And you can get a real sense of your own, where you are in the world. Cameron became the first director of the Allan Memorial Institute as well as the first chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at McGill. Please note . We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. Rauh: A question that Mr. Turner wanted me to ask was what happened to the papers identifying the patients? Some would bang their heads against the walls relentlessly, trying to get the helmets off and that's when he realized he could just put them back into a medically-induced coma and play the tapes for as long as he wanted. Shes also signed on to the class-action lawsuit against McGill University, the Canadian government, and the CIA. And that seemed to us to be a highly questionable action for someone to take. Jim Turner: The most salient point that I recall is that Camerons son told us that he'd taken his father's private records and had destroyed them. The U.S. wanted to know just how such a thing could possibly happen, and Dr. Ewen Cameron had a theory: brainwashing. [30][bettersourceneeded], In 1980, the Canadian investigative news program The Fifth Estate interviewed two former patients of Cameron's who were among several of his ex patients who were at that time suing the CIA for the long term effects of Cameron's treatment. Harvey Weinstein: Complicated question, we all have motivations for the things that we do. Cameron decided that Germans would be most likely to commit atrocities due to their historical, biological, racial and cultural past and their particular psychological nature. And he was a fast driver. [citation needed]. He saw no reason why psychiatry should be any different. In 2020, director Stephen Bennett released "Eminent Monsters," a film that examined the link between Cameron's work and the torture techniques used by organizations around the world, including the CIA. It's Boston local news in one concise, fun and informative email. Amory: He remembers his dad working a lot during this time, which, definitely tracks. And then she came back from Montreal and she was never the same. The FBI's FOIA Library contains many files of public interest and historical value. We want to hear from you! He tried a variety of things, including multiple electroshock therapy sessions a day and massive doses of drugs including LSD. Other similar psychiatric diagnoses of Germany were published during this time. Duncan: Well, I think he was always fascinated in the future. Being compared to the Nazi's most notorious doctor probably isn't the life goal of most medical professionals, so let's look at what he did to deserve this dubious title. There's my father and my mother. They stressed how they'd been unwilling participants, and that they'd gone to the institute for other issues. Ben: Even though Cameron never gave the CIA the keys to control peoples minds, he did give them the tools to break peoples minds down experimental drugs, recordings on loop, sensory deprivation. That's absolutely the stuff of a terrifying Netflix horror series, but it was very real and it destroyed an unknown number of lives. If you want that too, we would deeply appreciate your contribution to our work in any amount. (McCoy, 2007) Indeed, Hebb and Camerons contribution as pioneers who designed the psychological paradigm for torture used by the CIA was acknowledged by The McGill Daily, in 2012. In 1936, he also published his first book, Objective and Experimental Psychiatry which introduced his belief that psychiatry should approach the study of human behavior in a rigorous, scientific fashion rooted in biology. Amory: Hey, Dad, let's get out of here!, Duncan: I can remember doing that several times. In 1933, he married Jean C. Rankine, whom he had met while they were students at the University of Glasgow. Amory: Just not in the way he might have hoped. So why havent they? She wasn't able to joke and laugh She would blurt out something like: 'We must do the right thing!'" While more is known about the experiments of Dr. Ewen Cameron than about some of the other MKUltra projects, there's still a lot of information missing. He demanded that political systems be watched, and that German people needed to be monitored due to their "personality type", which he claimed results in the conditions that give rise to the dictatorial power of an authoritarian overlord. So we reached out to one of the most comprehensive archives in the world: The Library of Congress. Ben: When Amory and I spoke to Duncan Cameron about his dad, he also told us about his own work, as a lawyer. David Cameron's grandfather Ewen Donald Cameron (1906-1958) was a City of London figure who became a director at the stock brokerage house Panmure Gordon. Amory: In spite of Camerons ambition and prestige, he never helped find a cure for mental illness, he never won a Nobel Prize for psychiatry. Amory: Author Stephen Kinzer, who wrote the book about the CIA and Mind Control, says, after Vietnam, this same literature got used elsewhere. Cameron would analyze what conditions produced the stronger worker, what would be the necessary conditions to replicate this personality and to reward the stronger while disciplining the weaker. Everyone who makes a monthly donation will get access to upcoming bonus content from the making of our series. The guilt of her baby's deadly staph infection stayed with her, and when she became pregnant with her second, and the CBC says she went into Cameron's care in February of 1960. [citation needed] He furthermore wanted to understand the problems of memory caused by aging, believing that the aged brain experienced psychosis. In 1936, he moved to Massachusetts to become director of the research division at Worcester State Hospital only 1 year later. [citation needed] Characteristics were thus diagnosed as syndromes emerging from the brain. That's how quick it is because it removes your time and space. The CBC says the CIA recruited Dr. Ewen Cameron a few years into MKUltra, using the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology to approach Cameron and tell him that he really, really needed to apply for one of their grants. 3.99 You can see other fellow humans. Under that program, more than 80,000 suspected North Vietnamese sympathizers were interrogated by US forces and their allies. It is a rare thing that a psychiatrist of his worldwide reputation and capacity should be a resource available to a small mountain community. His response? The line between fantasy and reality blurred. Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, 17t. We shouldn't have done it, I'm sorry we did it.". Duncan: Well, I didnt destroy the documents. And Mary Morrow? It was the start of a series of experiments backed by the British, the Americans, and the Canadians, and they wanted to know what prolonged sensory deprivation actually did to a person. Skip Ancestry . And they are still being asked to by victims and their families, 60 years later. It petered out in the early 60s as the programs director, Sidney Gottlieb, came to a realization. Ben: The main takeaway here is Duncan admitting that he did remove documents pertaining to specific patients, before giving his dads papers to the archives. Hebb who did pay the students for their participation basically put them in a room for 24 hours, in a set-up that deprived them of all sensory input. Donald Ewen Cameron was born in Scotland in 1901. The mentally ill were thus labelled as not only sick, but also weak. It was reported that none of the patients sent to the Radio Telemetry Lab showed any signs of improvement. We encourage you to research and examine these records . Ben: He looks like hes having a good time. And they found his work next to worthless. Cameron used his ideas to implement policies on who should govern and parent in society. Donald Hebb and Ewen Cameron were competitors; they did not collaborate, though Cameron incorporated Hebb's sensory isolation techniques into his own diabolical arsenal of psychiatry's instruments of torture. Ben: But there is reason to believe that these documents arent just missing. Here in the hospital Cameron could observe how the psychiatric patient resembled patients with other diseases that were not psychiatric in nature. [25], Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by "erasing" existing memories and "reprogramming" the psyche. Ben: Over and over, weve heard from victims of Dr. Ewen Camerons brutal experiments at the Allan Memorial Institute. Heres John Marks again. So we don't have. Ben: The manual was all about how to obtain information from quote resistant sources. It went on to become the basis for the Phoenix Program during the Vietnam War. That right there is getting into some shady territory, but the promise of a $10,000 grant the equivalent of just over $100,000 today had to be pretty tempting. Jim: But again, you know, the deposition transcript, you're going to have to rely on that, like we did. A series of other research scandals in the 1960s resulted in stricter regulation of research practices and a more stringent code of ethics. When it came time to evaluate Nazi leaders ahead of the Nuremberg Trials, he was one of a group of internationally renowned mental health professionals who were sent to decide just what was going on in the heads of some of the worst war criminals the world had ever seen. Amory: What was your father like as a dad? with distinction from the University of Glasgow in 1936. Ben: Would you have anything that you would want to say to Dr. Cameron or his family? Duncan: Oh yes, he enjoyed a good joke even if they were off color. The only cure for mental illness, he theorized, was to eliminate its "carriers" from society altogether. [citation needed]. In 1963, the CIA published the Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation manual, and that's exactly what it sounds like guidelines on how to get people to talk. Amory: Duncan, one of the two lawyer sons, admits hes familiar with those 12 boxes of papers, and then explains what happened to them. Have motivations for the Phoenix program during the Vietnam War documents, that 's what he wanted to understand problems! That several times emotional and physical abuse she came back from Montreal she! Thus diagnosed as syndromes emerging from the making of our series massive doses drugs. 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